This essay and the others published on this website are intended to be read alongside and to complement the collection of images on the Art of Making in Antiquity website. References are made to images on the Art of Making in Antiquity website throughout.
A downloadable PDF version of this essay (version 1.0) is available here. To cite this esssay please refer to this PDF version.
Over the course of the project we have compiled a multilingual concordance to help with the translation of terms between English (UK and US), French, German and Italian. These appear throughout the website and are presented here in tabular form. The terms also appear in the other essays where tools, processes and materials are discussed in depth. In the course of these essays we have defined and described these various elements which often do not have direct corollaries in other languages, in particular our categorisation of stoneworking processes.[1] We continue to search for appropriate translations and would welcome any suggestions or amendments.
|
English (UK and US) |
French |
German |
Italian |
Tools
|
Wedge |
Le coin |
Der Keil |
Il cuneo |
|
Pick |
Le pic |
Der Zweispitz Die Spitzfläche |
Il piccone |
|
Mallet (Wood) |
Le maillet |
Der Knüpfel Das Klopfholz |
Il mazzuolo |
|
Hammer (Metal) |
La massette |
Der Fäustel |
Il martello |
|
Bush Hammer |
La boucharde |
Der Stockhammer |
La bocciarda |
|
Pitching Tool |
La chasse La pointerolle |
Das Spitzeisen |
Il scapezzatore |
|
Rasp |
La râpe |
Die Raspel |
La raspa |
|
Flat Chisel |
Le ciseau |
Der Meiβel Der Flachmeiβel |
Lo scalpello |
|
Claw/Tooth Chisel |
La gradine |
Das Zahneisen Der Zahnmeiβel Der Hundezahn[2] |
La gradina Il “dente di cane”2 |
|
Point |
La broche Le poinçon |
Das Spitzeisen Der Spitzmeiβel |
La subbia |
|
Channelling Tool |
Le bédane Le bec d’âne |
L’unghietto |
|
|
Roundel Bullnose Round-Headed Chisel |
Le ciseau rond Le ciseau à bout rond La rondelle Le ciseau rondelle |
Il tondino Il ferrotondo |
|
|
Drill |
Le foret |
Der Bohrer Der Steinbohrer |
Il trapano |
|
Cord Drill |
Le foret à corde |
Il trapano a corda |
|
|
Scraper |
La ripe[3] |
Il raschietto |
|
|
Saw |
La scie |
Die Säge |
La sega |
|
Sculptor’s Pick |
Le pic |
Der Zweispitz Die Spitzfläche |
Il piccone |
|
Axe (Flat) |
Le marteau taillant Le marteau têtu |
Das Steinbeil Die Fläche |
L’ascia |
|
Axe (Toothed) |
La bretture[4] Le marteau grain d’orge[5] |
Die Zahnfläche |
L’ascia dentata |
|
Abrasives |
L’abrasif |
Das Schleifmittel Das Abrasive Der Abrasivstoffe |
Gli abrasivi |
|
Wax |
La cire |
Die Wachs |
La cera |
|
Callipers |
Le pied à coulisse |
Der Messschieber |
Il calibro |
|
Metal Clamp or Pin |
La pince métallique La cheville en bois |
Die Metallklemme Der Dübel |
La fascetta metallica Il tassello |
|
Gouge |
La gouge |
Der Beitel |
La sgorbia |
|
Set Square Triangle (US) |
Le demi-carré |
Das Geodreieck |
La squadra (da carpentiere) |
|
Plumb Level Plumb Bob |
Le fil à plomb |
Das Schnurlot |
L’arcipendolo |
Processes
|
Quarrying |
Extraction |
Der Abbau |
Estrazione |
|
Squaring |
Équarissement |
Squadratura |
|
|
Roughing-Out |
Ébauche Dégraissage |
Sbozzatura Sbozzo Lavoro sbozzato Sgrossamento |
|
|
Hollowing-Out |
Refouillement |
Incavatura Intaglio incassato |
|
|
Rough Shaping |
|||
|
Flattening |
|||
|
Fine Shaping |
|||
|
Detailing |
Ajouter des Détails |
Detail Hinzufügen |
Aggiungere dettagli |
|
Outlining |
Tracé |
Skizzieren |
Abbozzare |
|
Smoothing |
Glätten |
Spianare Appianare |
|
|
Polishing |
Polir Astiquer |
Polieren |
Pulimento |
|
Insertion |
Insertion |
Einsetzen |
Inserimento |
|
Removal |
Enlèvement |
Die Entfernung |
Rimozione |
|
Placement |
Placement |
Die Platzierung |
Collocamento |
|
Securing |
Fixer |
Befestigen |
Fissare |
|
Transport |
Transporter |
Befördern |
Trasportare |
|
Restoration |
Reconstitution |
Die Ausbesserung |
Restauro |
|
Re-use |
Réutiliser |
Wieder Verwenden |
Riutilizzo |
|
Painting |
Décoration |
Der Anstrich |
Quadro |
|
Lettering |
Graveur |
Die Gravur |
Incisione |
Materials
|
Limestone |
Le calcaire |
Der Kalkstein |
Il calcare |
|
Sandstone |
Le grès |
Der Sandstein |
L’arenaria |
|
Travertine |
Le travertin |
Der Travertin |
Il tavertino |
|
Tuff |
Le tuf |
Der Tuff |
Il tufo |
|
Marble |
Le marbre |
Der Marmor |
Il marmo |
|
Granite |
Le granit |
Der Granit |
Il granito |
|
Porphyry |
Le porphyre |
Der Porphyr |
Il porfido |
[1] For the descriptions of stoneworking tools and toolmarks see Wootton, W., Russell, B., and Rockwell, P. (2013). ‘Stoneworking tools and toolmarks (version 1.0)’, The Art of Making in Antiquity: Stoneworking in the Roman World. http://www.artofmaking.ac.uk/content/essays/2-stoneworking-tools-and-toolmarks-w-wootton-b-russell-p-rockwell/ (accessed on 01.09.13); for techniques and processes see Wootton, W., Russell, B., and Rockwell, P. (2013). ‘Stoneworking techniques and processes (version 1.0)’, The Art of Making in Antiquity: Stoneworking in the Roman World. http://www.artofmaking.ac.uk/content/essays/3-stoneworking-techniques-and-processes-w-wootton-b-russell-p-rockwell/ (accessed on 01.09.13).
[2] A two-toothed tooth chisel.
[3] This is a toothed scraper.
[4] An axe with flat teeth.
[5] An axe with pointed teeth.